Liquid Democracy: True Democracy for the 21st Century (?)

by Dominik Schiener

Liquid Democracy, a subset of Delegative Democracy, is a powerful voting model for collective decision making in large communities. Liquid Democracy combines the advantages of Direct Democracy and Representative Democracy and creates a truly democratic voting system that empowers voters to either vote on issues directly, or to delegate ones voting power to a trusted party.

Through delegation, people with domain-specific knowledge are able to better influence the outcome of decisions, which in turn leads to an overall better governance of the state. Because of this, Liquid Democracy naturally evolves into a Meritocracy, where decisions are mainly made by those who have the kind of knowledge and experience required to make well-informed decisions on issues.

Overall, Liquid Democracy holds a lot of potential to not only be the foundation of decision making in virtual communities, but also local communities and entire governments. This blog post intends to give the reader an overview of what Liquid Democracy is and the advantages it offers to its participants. More related blog posts will follow soon.

What is wrong with Democracy Today?

Even though there are many different forms of democracy, the only two which are in use today are Direct Democracy and Representative Democracy (and a hybrid between the two). Therefore, to describe the different forms:

Direct Democracy: voters are directly involved in the decision making of the state. Voters express their opinions by continuously voting on issues. Direct Democracies offer citizens full control, accountability and equality. Sadly, direct democracies do not scale, mainly because of rational ignorance and disenfranchisement, due to an ever increasing list of issues that require the voters attention as the community grows. It becomes simply impractical for voters to be informed about all issues as they either do not have the time, the desire or the expertise. This in turn leads to low voter turnout and low overall satisfaction of voters in the community. Direct democracies in its purest form are simply not feasible for larger communities.

Representative Democracy: The most widely used form of democracy involves handing over one’s voting right to representatives who act on one’s behalf for making decisions. Representatives are usually (or lets say, hopefully) experts in a domain that are willing to serve and represent the community’s interest in a government body (e.g. parliament). Representative democracies scale well, but they fail to best serve citizens best interest. The issues with representative democracies are many, but to summarize 3 of the main problems:

• First of all, citizens are limited to vote representatives of a restricted set of candidates who often do not share one’s ideological views or interests. Most of the time voters are forced to give up their personal preference and instead have to vote for the candidate with the highest prospects of being elected. This specifically leaves out minorities, who lose the ability to have a representative represent their opinions and point of views inside the government. Additionally, this is one of the main reasons why the younger generation today[2] is so disinterested in politics. If you are young and nobody shares your views, the only other option is to protest and not vote at all. Only 20% of the US youth voting in the 2014 election is a very strong sign of this.
• Secondly, representatives are only loosely held accountable for their actions during their term in the office. Promises that were made during the election period don’t have to be fulfilled and are mostly nothing more than bait to deceive voters. This leads to “election cycle politics”, where elected representatives try to convince voters before an upcoming election of one’s competence by either introducing new proposals that are favored by the community (but most likely won’t be introduced), or by handing out expensive “Wahlgeschenke” (pre-election presents).
• And lastly, representative democracies can lead to corruption due to a concentration of power. Considering that the United States is seen as an oligarchy is enough proof that representative democracies are fertile ground for corruption and conflicts of interest. With no sense of responsibility and no accountability towards voters, acting in the interest of the highest bidder becomes easier than acting in the best interest of the population.

Apart from these obvious flaws in direct and representative democracies, a less obvious flaw is the fact that the election and voting process that are in use today are completely outdated and not in line with the technology available. Instead of making it possible to cast votes securely and conveniently via the Internet, voters have to drive to distant physical voting booths, only to fill out a paper ballot [1]. This puts unnecessary burden on voters, which can lead to voters simply not taking the effort to cast their vote.

Ironically, this is exactly what democracy tries to prevent. Everyone’s opinion counts and should be included in the collective decision making process. But the voting barriers that are still standing today are preventing this from happening.

What is Liquid Democracy?

Liquid Democracy is a new form for collective decision making that gives voters full decisional control. Voters can either vote directly on issues, or they can delegate their voting power to delegates (i.e. representatives) who vote on their behalf. Delegation can be domain specific, which means that voters can delegate their voting power to different experts in different domains.

This is in contrast with direct democracy, where participants are required to personally vote on all issues; and in contrast with representative democracy, where participants vote for representatives once in a certain election cycle and then never worry about voting anymore.

The diagram below shows a comparison between the 3 different voting systems (sorry for the bad graphic, I will get a better infographic made soon).

In the direct democracy model all voters vote directly on issues. In the representative democracy model voters first vote for and elect representatives who then vote on their behalf. The interesting take from the diagram is of course the Liquid Democracy model. Here voters can either vote directly on issues (like the two independent voters did on the left and right border), or they can delegate their vote to representatives who have more specialized knowledge about the issue, or simply more time to stay informed.

Delegation is a sign of trust. A voter trusts a delegate to represent her on certain decisions. If this trust is broken (by for example increasing ideological differences or corruption of the delegate), the voter can simply revoke the delegation and either vote personally, or delegate someone else. As we will see later, exactly this notion of provisional trust is important to create a sense of responsibility and accountability for delegates.

A very important property of Liquid Democracy is transitivity. Delegation can not only happen through single hop, but it is completely transitive. This means that delegates can even delegate other delegates to vote on their behalf and all the previous voters (who themselves have delegated their vote) linked in the chain. This transitivity ensures that experts can delegate the trust they’ve accumulated to other delegates on certain issues on which they have less knowledge and insight about.

The distinctive factor of Liquid Democracy vs. Delegative Democracy is that ofvote recommendation, instead of vote proxying (thanks to Josef Davies-Coates for pointing that out). As Sayke has pointed out in the original paperon Liquid Democracy, “People need to see what answers are being recommended to them before they decide how to answer the question at hand. With vote proxying, they can’t do that! Vote proxying puts the power in the hands of the proxy — answer recommendation keeps the power in the hands of the people”.

What is missing from the above diagram is domain-specific delegation. A voter cannot only delegate her vote to a single delegate, but delegation can be made to a variety of different delegates that vote on behalf of the voter on domain-specific issues. Through such a system, it is more likely that experts can positively influence the outcome of problems and lead to an overall better result.

The categorization of issues is up to the entire community to decide, but a very simple categorization for decisions inside a government could be: Fiscal Policy, Monetary Policy, Environment and Climate Policy.

To provide you with another example, let’s take a political party that is using liquid democracy for its internal decision making. The categories that would make a lot of sense for such a community would be: Finances, Marketing & Outreach, Political Program and Administrative decisions. Decisions that needs to be made will be categorized into these 4 categories. Members of the political party can then either vote directly on these decisions, or they can delegate their voting power on people with more specialized knowledge that is required to form an educated opinion.

 

Let me explain the diagram in more detail, it might seem a bit confusing at first sight. Let’s explain the Government related diagram, the political party diagram is very similar. In total there are 6 voters, 3 of whom who have taken on the responsibility of being a delegate. As mentioned before, there are 3 types of issues (and thus, 3 areas of domain expertise): Fiscal Policies, Monetary Policies and Environment & Climate Policies.

As you can see, nearly each of the 6 voters has delegated their vote in one way or another, except for the top delegate, who voted independently on all issues (must be a true expert). Voter B has delegated every vote, either she is too busy, disinterested or does not have enough knowledge about the specific topics.

Overall, Liquid Democracy is only slightly more complex than direct or representative democracy. But the advantages it offers far outweigh this initial learning barrier. Let’s get into details about the advantages.

Liquid Democracy: Why?

Now that we have a better understanding about the problems of democracy today, and have a good overview of how Liquid Democracy works, we can get into details about the big “Why?”. Most importantly, we need to provide a solid case as to why Liquid Democracy is a much greater solution than the status quo. I hope that we will achieve this with a list of Liquid Democracy’s greatest features and advantages over direct and representative democracy.

Liquid Democracy is truly democratic. Voters have the choice to either vote personally or delegate someone else. This is in stark contrast to the democracies in use today, where users are limited to either constantly vote for themselves, or vote for a representative once every few years. In these two models, voters are either overwhelmed with the kind of work that is required to participate, or they are completely underwhelmed and not included enough in the government’s decision making. Liquid Democracy gives voters the freedom to decide their level of involvement, while being able to change it at any time. This means that the decision making of a country is directly in the hands of the entire population.

Liquid Democracy has a low entry barrier. The minimum requirement for becoming a delegate is another person’s trust. Nearly anyone, willing to take on this responsibility, can become a delegate. No political parties are required to win over voters. Instead of outrageous marketing campaigns where voters are purposefully deceived, only a person’s ability and knowledge about a subject counts in winning over delegates. By making the entry barrier as low as possible the overall decision-making process, which includes collection of ideas, comment and debate, will be much more vivid and filled with a diversity of ideas and point of views. Through that, the outcome of decisions will much more likely satisfy a large portion of the population and lead to an overall better governance of the country.

Liquid Democracy is cooperation, instead of competition. In representative democracies today the competition during the political race is dominated by lavish and unnecessary campaign spending, attempts at exposing political competitors and purposeful lies to win over voters. Often times, many candidates put more effort in crafting political campaigns to win the competition, instead of actually focusing on the supposed political program and the “how?”’s of leading a country. If making sure that voters vote for you is more important than the actual governance of the country, we can be assured that there is an inherent systemic flaw. Win all and become elected, or lose everything. That is the motto of democracy today. In Liquid Democracy this competition of becoming a representative is set aside. Instead, delegates merely compete on the basis of earning voters trust, which can only be achieved through continuous efforts and proof of one’s abilities. Voters cannot be deceived (at least not in the long run) and a person’s merit, willingness and ability to improve the country mean everything.

Liquid Democracy creates responsibility. Delegation is a sign of trust. If this trust is broken, a voter is able to immediately find another delegate or vote for herself. This provisional trust creates a sense of responsibility and accountability for delegates, because they could lose their delegated voting power at any time. Through this, delegates are more likely to act honest and are willing to vote in favor of the community instead of their own selfish desires.

Liquid Democracy means direct representation of minorities. By having a low entry barrier, minorities have it much easier to be represented in the government. This means that no extra laws, that require a minimum of representatives to come from a certain ethnicity or race, have to be implemented. Instead, Liquid Democracy is a direct representation of the society’s structure and makes it possible for minorities and ethnic groups of any size to have a say in the decision making and governance of the country.

Liquid Democracy leads to better decisions. By evolving into a network of experts that make well-informed, domain-specific decisions, Liquid Democracy leads to overall better decisions. Liquid Democracy eventually evolves into a meritocracy where the most skilled, knowledgeable and experienced voters make decisions in their area of expertise.

Liquid Democracy is scalable. In today’s time, people are far too busy to stay constantly updated on issues concerning the governance of the state. Decisions that need to be made are ever-increasing, while time is a precious good that many simply don’t want to spend on decision-making for the government. Additionally, we are a society of specialization, and very few are well-informed in different domains. Therefore, through delegation, decision-making is placed in the hands of well-informed experts who are willing to dedicate their time and knowledge to better the overall governance of the state.

The State of Liquid Democracy Today

The main reason why Liquid Democracy has not been used in practice until the last decade is because of the implementation barriers. Liquid democracies, same as direct democracies, require an underlying technical infrastructure that makes it possible for participants to constantly cast or delegate votes. Only through the Internet and advances in cryptography has this been possible during the last few decades.

Apart from the technical barriers, a much larger barrier today is the educational one. As this survey has shown:http://publicvotes.org/vote/ec94wL7Sw37iZtRwf only a small number of people have even heard of Liquid Democracy. Therefore, to really implement Liquid Democracy in large communities, a lot more effort needs to be placed on educating citizens about the advantages and the new democratic possibilities offered. The only real solution for that is to create interesting use case that display to people inside and outside the community what Liquid Democracy really means and the advantages it offers.

A great effort is being done by Pirate Parties across Europe which are using software like LiquidFeedback (http://liquidfeedback.org/) for certain decisions and even elections. Apart from this, Google has recently published(http://www.tdcommons.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1092&context=dpubs_series) their results of an internal experiment with Liquid Democracy. We will see a lot more developments in this area and I think that Liquid Democracy will progress well with new initiatives that take place. Bryan Ford (http://www.brynosaurus.com/deleg/) has published a lot of fantastic work about Liquid Democracy and I encourage you all to check it out.

I will personally work on an implementation of Liquid Democracy on Ethereum and also collaborate with a few existing voting solutions to create new use cases.

Conclusion

Liquid Democracy is the democracy model fit for today’s society. The technology is ready, the only thing missing is more effort into working on concrete implementations that research this area in more detail. Most importantly, we need to determine which models are applicable for the actual governance (directive or administrative) of a country.

I am confident that over the coming years many of the questions that I and others have will be answered. Who knows, perhaps we will see a small city, or even just a village, adopt Liquid Democracy in a decade or two? That is certainly possible.

Ethereum the final(?) frontier

Ένα “χρέος” που όλοι ξεχνάμε!

Μετά την καθιέρωση (ορθώς!) από την Εκκλησία μας του “νηπιοβαπτισμού” όλοι οι Ορθόδοξοι έχουμε ένα “χρέος” που όμως ξεχνάμε να εκπληρώσουμε όταν ενηλικιωθούμε: Το χρέος της ΚΑΤΗΧΗΣΕΩΣ! Στις απαρχές του Χριστιανισμού κανένας δεν μπορούσε να εισέλθει στις τάξεις τις Εκκλησίας μας ακατήχητος!

Το υψηλό επίπεδο των “Κατηχήσεων” για παράδειγμα του  Αγίου Κυρίλλου Ιεροσολύμων (3ος μ.Χ. αιώνας) μαρτυρεί ακριβώς το πόση βαρύτητα και σημασία έδιδαν οι πρώτοι Χριστιανοί στην Κατήχηση πριν από το βάπτισμα.

Ίσως πολλά σημερινά “δεινά” της Εκκλησίας μας οφείλονται ακριβώς σε αυτό το “χρέος” που ως Χριστιανοί δεν εκπληρώνουμε…Το βιβλίο των Κατηχήσεων υπάρχει π.χ. ΕΔΩ

Πατώσαμε (πάλι!)…

Το ενδιαφέρον όμως είναι η πτώση της….Σουηδίας από τις πρώτες θέσεις !

Οι ψευτο-” μεταρρυθμίσεις ” τους κατέστρεψαν: δείτε και ΕΔΩ από κάποιους που το πρόβλεπαν αυτό!

Ίνδικτος: μια πιο “φυσιολογική” διαίρεση του χρόνου?

1^η Σεπτεμβρίου: Η Αρχή της Ινδίκτου! ΚΑΛΗ ΧΡΟΝΙΑ!

7 έτος της 134^ης Ινδίκτου από σήμερα!

«Μη σκιάζεστε στα σκότη! Η λευθεριά σαν της αυγής το φεγγοβόλο αστέρι της νύχτας το ξημέρωμα θα φέρει». Ι. Πολέμης (στην εικόνα ο πλανήτης Αφροδίτη που είναι ο Αυγερινός ή ο Αποσπερίτης όπως τον ονομάζει ο λαός μας ανάλογα με το πότε φαίνεται στο στερέωμα: σηματοδοτεί το τέλος του Παλαιού (της ημέρας που φεύγει) αλλά και την αρχή του Νέου (της ημέρας που έρχεται)

Η λέξη Ίνδικτος είναι λατινική και σημαίνει ορισμός, διάγγελμα, πού εκδιδόταν από τους Ρωμαίους αυτοκράτορες, με σκοπό να καθορίζουν το ύψος των φόρων επί της παραγωγής της γης, που θα έπρεπε να πληρώσουν οι υπήκοοι της Ρώμης για τη συντήρηση του στρατού. Το διάγγελμα αυτό ίσχυε για δεκαπέντε χρόνια και τούτο, γιατί κάθε δεκαπέντε χρόνια απολύονταν οι παλαιοί στρατιώτες και κατατάσσονταν οι νέοι. Να σημειωθεί ότι το ύψος των σχετικών φόρων καθοριζόταν από τη νέα δύναμη του στρατού για την επόμενη δεκαπενταετία.

Με την πάροδο του χρόνου η λέξη Ίνδικτος έπαψε να σημαίνει μόνο διάγγελμα, αλλά σήμαινε και το διάστημα των δεκαπέντε ετών. Έτσι άρχισαν να μετρούν το χρόνο σε Iνδίκτους (πρώτη Ίνδικτος, δεύτερη Ίνδικτος κ.ο.κ.).

Πρώτος ο Μ. Κωνσταντίνος όρισε ως επίσημη μέτρηση του χρόνου (το 312 ή 313 μ.Χ.) την Ίνδικτο, πού άρχιζε την 1η Σεπτεμβρίου, εποχή που είχε τελειώσει η συγκομιδή των καρπών της γης. Η μέτρηση αυτή του χρόνου ονομάστηκε, από το όνομα του Κωνσταντίνου, Κωνσταντίνειος Iνδικτιών ή Ελληνική.

Η Εκκλησία υιοθέτησε αυτό το σύστημα μέτρησης του χρόνου και μετρούσε τα έτη με τίς Ινδικτιώνες. Έτσι το Εκκλησιαστικό έτος άρχιζε την 1η Σεπτεμβρίου με Πατριαρχική Θεία Λειτουργία και ιδιαίτερη Iερά Παράκληση, ώστε να ευλογήσει ο Θεός τον καινούριο χρόνο.

Ο αυτοκράτορας του Βυζαντίου Ιουστινιανός ο Α΄ το 537 εισήγαγε τη μέτρηση κατά Ινδικτιώνες στα κρατικά έγγραφα και στίς δικαστικές αποφάσεις. Έλεγαν δηλαδή 1ο έτος της τάδε Ινδικτιώνος, 2ο έτος της τάδε Ινδικτι‘νος κ.ο.κ.

Με τον καιρό ορίστηκαν δύο είδη Ινδίκτου, η Καισαρική, δηλαδή η παλαιά ρωμαϊκή πού άρχιζε την 1η Σεπτεμβρίου και την οποία συνέχισε τό Βυζάντιο, και η Παπική, που άρχιζε στίς 25 Δεκεμβρίου και αργότερα την 1η Ιανουαρίου.

Στη Δύση σιγά-σιγά επικράτησε ως αρχή του νέου έτους η 1η Ιανουαρίου, ενώ στην Aνατολή είχε παραμείνει η 1η Σεπτεμβρίου. Αυτός είναι και ο λόγος που η πρώτη Σεπτεμβρίου παρέμεινε μέχρι και σήμερα η αρχή του Εκκλησιαστικού έτους, μετά την καθιέρωση για όλους ως αρχής του πολιτικού έτους της 1ης Ιανουαρίου. Πρέπει να σημειωθεί εδώ ότι η Εκκλησία μας όρισε την ημέρα αυτή να αναγινώσκεται στους Ιερούς Ναούς η περικοπή από το Ευαγγέλιο του Λουκά, που αναφέρει το πρώτο κήρυγμα του Χριστού στη συναγωγή της Ναζαρέτ (Λουκ. 4, 16-18).

16 Καὶ ἦλθεν εἰς τὴν Ναζαρέτ, οὗ ἦν τεθραμμένος, καὶ εἰσῆλθε κατὰ τὸ εἰωθὸς αὐτῷ ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῶν σαββάτων εἰς τὴν συναγωγήν, καὶ ἀνέστη ἀναγνῶναι.

17 καὶ ἐπεδόθη αὐτῷ βιβλίον ῾Ησαΐου τοῦ προφήτου, καὶ ἀναπτύξας τὸ βιβλίον εὗρε τὸν τόπον οὗ ἦν γεγραμμένον·

18 Πνεῦμα Κυρίου ἐπ᾿ ἐμέ, οὗ εἵνεκεν ἔχρισέ με, εὐαγγελίσασθαι πτωχοῖς ἀπέσταλκέ με, ἰάσασθαι τοὺς συντετριμμένους τὴν καρδίαν,
19 κηρῦξαι αἰχμαλώτοις ἄφεσιν καὶ τυφλοῖς ἀνάβλεψιν, ἀποστεῖλαι τεθραυσμένους ἐν ἀφέσει, κηρῦξαι ἐνιαυτὸν Κυρίου δεκτόν.

20 καὶ πτύξας τὸ βιβλίον ἀποδοὺς τῷ ὑπηρέτῃ ἐκάθισε· καὶ πάντων ἐν τῇ συναγωγῇ οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ ἦσαν ἀτενίζοντες αὐτῷ.

21 ἤρξατο δὲ λέγειν πρὸς αὐτοὺς ὅτι σήμερον πεπλήρωται ἡ γραφὴ αὕτη ἐν τοῖς ὠσὶν ὑμῶν. 

Οι Ινδικτιώνες μετριούνται από τη Γέννηση του Χριστού. Επειδή, όμως, η χρονολογία από της του Χριστού Γεννήσεως υστερεί κατά τρία έτη, για να βρούμε, παραδείγματος χάριν, την Ίνδικτο του 2014, προσθέτουμε 3 έτη και διαιρούμε δια του 15. Δηλαδή 2014 + 3= 2017 : 15 = 134 και υπόλοιπο 7 που σημαίνει ότι βρισκόμαστε στο 7 έτος της 134^ης Ινδίκτου (από την 1η Σεπτεμβρίου).

(περιέχει και αποσπάσματα από σχετικό άρθρο του θεολόγου Kωνσταντίνου Aπ. Σουλιώτη)

Ο  Αγ.  Νεκτάριος και η Ελληνική φιλοσοφία

“Μνήμη Αγίου, μίμηση Αγίου”

«…μόνον τό ἔθνος τό Ἑλληνικόν ἔμεινε
ὡς πρόσωπο δρῶν ἐπί τῆς παγκοσμίου σκηνῆς,
καθ’ ὅλους τούς αἰῶνας, καί τοῦτο διότι
ἡ ἀνθρωπότης δεῖται αἰωνίων διδασκάλων.»
(Ἁγ. Νεκταρίου, Ἱερῶν & Φιλοσοφικῶν Λογίων Θησαύρισμα)

Tίς πιό πολλές φορές γνωρίζουμε τούς ἁγίους μέσα ἀπό τά πολυποίκιλα θαύματά τους ἤ τά βοηθητικά τῆς πνευματικῆς ζωῆς ἔργα τους καί λιγότερο ἀπό τίς ἐπιστημονικές τους γνώσεις καί μελέτες, ἀπό τούς ἀγῶνες τους γιά τήν ἀνόρθωση τοῦ Γένους καί τήν ἀναμόρφωση τῆς πατρίδας μας.

Ἡ ἐνασχόληση πολλῶν ἁγίων τῆς Ἐκκλησίας μέ τά κλασσικά ἔργα καί τήν πνευματική μας κληρονομιά ἐν γένει, τό ἐνδιαφέρον μέ τό ὁποῖο τήν περιέβαλαν καθώς καί τά συμπεράσματα καί οἱ διαπιστώσεις τους ἀπό τήν μελέτη τῶν ἀρχαίων Ἑλλήνων συγγραφέων, δίνουν σέ μᾶς σήμερα ἐλπίδα καί αἰσιοδοξία γιά νά ἀντέξουμε τά δεινά στά ὁποῖα ὁδηγεῖται ἀργά καί μεθοδικά ἡ πατρίδα μας καί κάθε ἄνθρωπος πού θέλει νά παραμείνει πρόσωπο.

Read more

Κυριακή

Η Κυριακή είναι ημέρα Ιερή για τους Χριστιανούς. Είναι η ημέρα που όλα τα έργα σταματούν, η στιγμή στο Χρόνο που παραπέμπει έξω από τον Χρόνο: στην ακινησία της Αιωνιότητας. Αυτή τη μέρα “σταθμίζονται” και “ζυγίζονται” όλα τα έργα των υπολοίπων ημερών με την Αιωνιότητα με στόχο την επίγνωση της Ύπαρξή μας και την Αυτογνωσία. Είναι ημέρα ανάπαυσης, Δοξολογίας και Ευχαριστίας…

Αυθεντική αρχαία ελληνική μουσική αναπαρήγαγαν ειδικοί από την Οξφόρδη

Μουσικό δείγμα από «παρτιτούρες» των αρχαίων Ελλήνων, κατάφεραν να αναπαραγάγουν ειδικοί από το Πανεπιστήμιο της Οξφόρδης, αφού πρώτα δημιούργησαν το αρχαίο ελληνικό όργανο που θα έπαιζε τη μουσική. Μάλιστα, η αναπαραγωγή έχει γίνει με 100% ακρίβεια από το αρχικό κείμενο.
«Συχνά ξεχνάμε ότι τα γραπτά κείμενα που αποτελούν τις ρίζες της δυτικής λογοτεχνίας, τα έπη του Ομήρου, τα ερωτικά ποιήματα της Σαπφούς, οι τραγωδίες του Σοφοκλή και του Ευριπίδη, αρχικά ήταν όλα… μουσική.
Χρονολογούνται περίπου από το 750-400 π.Χ. και συνετέθησαν για να τραγουδηθούν εξ ολοκλήρου ή μερικώς, με την συνοδεία λύρας, πνευστών και κρουστών» επισημαίνει ο καθηγητής
Αρμάν Ντ’ Ανγκούρ μουσικός και καθηγητής κλασικών σπουδών από το Πανεπιστήμιο της Οξφόρδης, ο οποίος διαβεβαιώνει ότι η μουσική των αρχαίων Ελλήνων δεν έχει χαθεί για πάντα.
Ο καθηγητής, μιλώντας στο BBC, καλεί τον κόσμο να φανταστεί πώς θα ήταν αν μπορούσαμε να δημιουργήσουμε ξανά την μουσική της αρχαίας Ελλάδας, να ανακαλύψουμε εκ νέου τα όργανα που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν τότε, να ακούσουμε ξανά τους στίχους.
«Οι ρυθμοί που είναι ίσως η πιο σημαντική πλευρά της μουσικής διατηρούνται εντός των ίδιων των λέξεων, στις βραχείες και μακρές συλλαβές…Τα όργανά μάς είναι γνωστά από περιγραφές και απεικονίσεις… Τώρα νέες αποκαλύψεις για την αρχαία ελληνική μουσική έχουν προκύψει από αρχαία κείμενα του 450 π.Χ. που περιέχουν φωνητική σημειογραφία», τονίζει ο ίδιος.
Δείτε το βίντεο με αυθεντική αρχαία ελληνική μουσική που αναπαρήγαγαν ειδικοί από την Οξφόρδη:

Πηγή

Κάνε κουράγιο Ελλάδα μου!

Στίχοι με νόημα πολύ ΕΠΙΚΑΙΡΟ!- ΚΑΛΗ ΕΠΕΤΕΙΟ ΣΕ ΟΛΟΥΣ…

Ποιος το περίμενε στ’ αλήθεια,
να βγουν ψευτιές και παραμύθια
και να ξεχάσουν τώρα πια τα λόγια εκείνα τους,
που μας τα `λέγαν κάθε βράδυ απ’ τα Λονδίνα τους.

Μα δεν πειράζει, δεν πειράζει,
δε θα το βάλουμε μαράζι
και δε θα κλάψουμε που πάλι μας ξεχάσατε,
γιατί δεν είν’ πρώτη φορά που μας τη σκάσατε
και στην υγειά σας μια οκαδούλα εμείς θα πιούμε
και στη μικρή την Ελλαδούλα μας θα πούμε:

Κάνε κουράγιο Ελλάδα μου
κι όσο μπορείς κρατήσου
και στα παλιά παπούτσια σου,
γράψε όσα λέν οι εχθροί σου.

Κι αν μας τη σκάσανε με μπαμπεσιά,
οι σύμμαχοι στη μοιρασιά,
κάνε κουράγιο Ελλάδα μου, να μη μας αρρωστήσεις,
γιατί το θέλει ο Θεός να ζήσεις και θα ζήσεις.

Σε κάθε χιονισμένη ράχη,
σαν πολεμούσαμε μονάχοι,
όλοι λαγούς με πετραχήλια μας ετάζατε
και μεσ’ στα μάτια με λατρεία μας κοιτάζατε.

Μα ξεχαστήκαν όλα εκείνα,
η Πίνδος και η Τρεμπεσίνα,
ίσως μια μέρα εμάς που τόσο αίμα εχύσαμε,
να μας καθίσουν στο σκαμνί, γιατί νικήσαμε.

Μα φυσικό θα μας φανεί κι αυτό ακόμα
και στην Ελλάδα μας θα πούμε μ’ ένα στόμα:

Κάνε κουράγιο Ελλάδα μου
κι όσο μπορείς κρατήσου
και στα παλιά παπούτσια σου,
γράψε όσα λέν’ οι εχθροί σου.

Κι αν μας τη σκάσανε με μπαμπεσιά,
οι σύμμαχοι στη μοιρασιά,
κάνε κουράγιο Ελλάδα μου, να μη μας αρρωστήσεις,
γιατί το θέλει ο Θεός να ζήσεις και θα ζήσεις.